Biochemistry 8/30/13

Properties of Water

• Adhesive (Sticks to itself)
• This is why water beads up
• Due to water's polarity

• Cohesive (Sticks to Other Polar Things)
• Think of Water soaking into a towel
• Once again, due to water's polarity

• The Best Solvent
• The polarity of each water molecule makes it the universal solvent
• Water dissolves polar things very well

In a solution, the dissolving substance is called a solvent and the dissolved substance is called a solute

Solute + Solvent = Solution
Kool Aid (solute) + H2O (solvent)  = Liquid Kool Aid

 

When a solvent is dissolving a solute it is hoping to achieve saturation.

Saturation - When "all" hydrogen bonds are formed between solvent and solute

Super Saturation - When ALL hydrogen bonds are formed between solvent and solute AFTER heat,     agitation and pressure are added. (heat, pressure and agitation increase saturation and speed it up)

Things don't really like to be super saturated, this is why when you open up a can of soda, it will go flat after some time.

• Heat Storage
• Retains heat well
• Keeps humans warm
• Keeps us from cooling down too fast

• High Head of Evaporation
• Allows for evaporative cooling

Most warm blooded organisms use a technique to cool themselves down called evaprotive cooling (Sweat)

Sweat doesn't cool you down by itself. Evaporation does. Your body takes a significant amount of heat to evaporate the sweat and so it cools down.

• Ice
• Water expands when it freezes (Less dense when solid)
• Water is most dense at 4 degrees C (39.2 degrees F)

5. bonds-
   b. covalent 
       1. non-polar- O2: H-H O=O,  N2: N=N, NH3: H    H, CH4: H    H
                                                                                    N                  C
                                                                                    H               H    H
 * cant find good pictures of the diagrams, ask somebody you sit by if they can show you the diagrams.
Life's building blocks-
Hydrogen chain (H)- one single bond
Oxygen (O)- O= 1 double bond,  -O- 2 single bonds          -
Nitrogen (N)- N -= 1 triple bond, -N= 1 double, 1 single, -N- 3 single      -
Carbon (C)- -C-=1 triple 1 single, =C= 2 double -C= 1 double 2 singles -C - 4 singles
                                                                                                                  -
      2. Polar Covalent Bonds- electrons are shared unequally
    H2O     (-)
             ee--ee
            (    O  )      Na+    Cl-
            ee--ee           C. Hydrogen- weak bond that forms between 2 polar molecules
           (          )
             H    H
                (+) 
6. Properties of H2O- H2O is polar and because of the it (is):
        A. Cohesive- sticks to itself ( helps overcome gravity)
        B. Adhesive- sticks to other polar substances.


                                                                                                                                   

August 28th Notes

Information based around Chapter 3. Read/study along with notes for best results.

III Isotopes

Determined by the number of neutrons.Ex. C12 & C14*C14 is used in carbon dating its half life is 5,730yrs.
*Half Lives

IV Ions-Electrically charge atom or molecule.

-This happens when Protons do not equal Electrons.
-Important ones: H⁺, OH^-, K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺,Ca²⁺ . 
          -Some cells may not let any ions pass through 
            Ex. Cystic Fibrosis, which creates a lack in sodium and chlorine.

V Bonding

A. Ionic -these bonds form between oppositely charged ions.Ex. Na+ (1 valence e-) and Cl- (7 valence e-)

  .

-Bonding takes place and chlorine takes an electron from sodium completing its outer shell and completing sodium's shell. Both receive an octet and together they make NaCl.

B.Covalent-when electrons are shared.
    2types:   1.Non-polar- when electrons are shared equally.

                    Ex. H₂   H-H   Single Bond. O₂  O=O Double Bond. N₂  Triple bonded!

 

LIFE/MATTER/ATOMS

WHAT IS LIFE?                                                                                                            August 27,2013
  1. Made of Cells (Cell Theory)
  2. Reproduction
  3. Metabolism
  4. Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)

Levels of Organization of Matter
  1. (Sub) Sub-Atomic Particles
  2. Sub-Atomic Particles ---(This is what we will start with in this class)
  3. Atoms

  4. Molocules
  5. Compounds (all living things made of 4 different types, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleate Acids
  6.Organelles
  7. Cells
  8.Tissues
  9. Organs
 10. Organ System
 11. Organism
 12. Population
 13. Community
 14. Ecosystem
 15. Ecosphere (This is where we will end talking about in the class)
 16.Solar System
 17. Galaxy
 18. Universe

BIOCHEMISTRY- The chemistry of Life
1. Atoms- 3 subatomic particles
        A. Protons: (+) Charged- in the nucleus
        B. Neutrons: (0) Charged- in the nucleus
        C. Electrons: (-) Charged- in shells outside the nucleus
   Shell Rules:
         1. 2 electrons fill shell #1
         2. 8 electrons fill shell #2
         3. 8 electrons fill shell #3
         4. 8 electrons fill Valence shell (outermost) -having its valence shell filled makes an atom "happy"-

2. Elements- Different kinds of Atoms. Determined by the number of Protons (memorize the following)
       Carbon- 6 protons
       Nitrogen- 7 protons
       Oxygen- 8 protons
       Hydrogen- 1 proton


3. Isotopes- Different weights of the same element.
  Example:                                                
      C^12= 6 protons + 6 neutrons                                                          ^^(the bottom number)
      C^14= 6 protons + 8 neutrons                                                            the atomic mass of the average

                                                                                                                   Carbon Atom

INTRODUCTION

WELCOME

Welcome to the A.P. Biology Blog.  This is the place where you can find information that you've missed, test and assignment dates, and ask questions about the material presented (Just use the comments.).
So let's get started:
 

Read:  Chapter 1 of the text.  Pay particular attention to pages 10 - 13.
 

Assignment #1:  Due Monday September 3 - Design an Experiment.  The writeup for this including an Introduction, Hypothesis Statement, Materials, and Procedure can be done by you as an individual or with a partner.  Remember, you will be performing this experiment, so make it "do-able."

NOTES:

A classically designed scientific experiment will always contain at least two groups:  1) THE EXPERMENTAL GROUP/S - This is the group that has the experimental variable added to it and you expect this group to be affected; and 2) THE CONTROL GROUP/S - This is the group that you do NOT add the experimental variable to and you expect it to act "normally."  A control group is always necessary in order to allow for comparison of what will happen if a group of individuals is NOT experimented with.

There are also two types of variables in every experiment.  Variables are defined as ANY characteristic of an experiment that can affect its outcome.  There are 2 types of variables in every experiment: 1) THE EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE/S - This is the one that will alter the affect the way your hypothesis predicts (the microwaved water).  Try and hold your experimental variables to a minimum, preferably ONE. These variables will change from group to group. And, 2) THE CONTROL VARIABLES - These are kept the same from individual to individual, group to group.  You do NOT want these variables to affect the result of your experiment (same soil, same container, same amount of water, etc.).