VI. Pigments- chemicals that absorb part or all of the visible spectrum. Plants use 4 pigments;
     A. Chlorophyll A- deep green (most common)
     B. Chlorophyll B- yellow-green (2nd most common)
     C. Xanthophyll- red
     D. Carotene- yellow-orange

Note: these pigments are organized into large protein complexes imbedded in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts called photo-systems.
VII. Photosynthesis
     A. Light Dependent Reaction
          1. Photo/s are absorbed by a chlorophyll molecule in Photo-system. II (PS II) This causes the energy to be transferred (kinetic) to the rest of the chloroplast until it reaches the reaction center chloroplast. Here, h2o is split by an enzyme that "harvests" electrons.
Equation: (2)h2o-------->4e- + 4h+ + o2 (oxygen gas) or h2o ----> 2e- + 2h+ + 1/2 o2
          2. The kinetic energy is then transferred to one of htese electrons and this boosts its energy level.
          3. This electron is then transferred down a chain of proteins in the membrane called cytochromes (electron transport chain). One of the cytochromes is a proton pump- this uses energy from the electrons to pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space creating a proton gradient. These then pass back through ATP Synthase which creates ATP from ADP+P. Now the electrons have lost most of the energy they gained from PS II. CHEMIOSMOSIS.